The Unfit (article) (part 2) by Leanne Dyck

  The history of the disabled in Canada.

photo by ldyck

The Unfit (continued)

 Disabled people have historically been sub-humanized, believed in capable of making their own choices, and unfit to live amongst the general public. This patronizing view of people with disabilities allowed 20^th century eugenics programs to be carried out in the open, even with the approval of popular culture. [5]

    Eugenics...[is the belief that] in order to have a superior society, only superior individuals should have children…

    Many of this country’s most prominent women’s suffragists were enthusiastic supporters of eugenics [—including Nellie McClung].

“to bring children into the world, suffering from the handicaps caused by ignorance, poverty, or criminality of the parents, is an appalling crime against the innocent and hopeless, and yet one about practically nothing is said…

 [I]t is no wonder that humanity produces so many specimens who, if they were silk stockings or boots, would be marked ‘seconds’.” -Nellie McClung

    Eugenicists promoted a number of measures to ensure [that only the superior reproduced], most notably the sterilization of those deemed “unfit to breed.” Characteristics that could earn a person this distinction included:...having a mental or physical disability. [From 1928 to 1972]...2822 individuals were sterilized...without their consent. [6]

    In Canada...[,t]he most vocal defenders of eugenics were to be found in the ranks of the medical professions,” reads Our Own Master Race, a 1990 text on the history of Canadian eugenics. [7]

    Dr. Helen MacMurchy...was the first woman offered a position in the Toronto General Hospital’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology…

    [S]tarting in 1906 [,s]he submitted reports on the feeble-minded to the Ontario government. She was appointed the province’s first inspector of the feebleminded in 1914 and briefly worked for the Ontario education department supervising special education classes…

    [I]n 1920[,] she published her bestselling book The Almosts: A Study of the Feeble-Minded…

    Using research she had conducted during her work as Ontario’s inspector of the feebleminded, MacMurchy educated Canadians (as well as Americans, since the book was published in Boston) beyond the medical and political communities on the unfit and degenerate menace afflicting the country—yet always with a feeling of empathy.

One had to treat the feeble-minded with care, she noted, yet never lose sight of the fact that they were abnormal and had to be treated as such. “It is the age of true democracy,” she wrote, “that will not only give everyone justice, but will redeem the waste products of humanity and give the mental defective all the chance he needs to keep away from the evils and temptations that he never will be grown-up enough to resist, and that society cannot afford to let him fall victim to.”

Should society, in fact, have failed these hopeless people, then the consequences would be severe. The feeble-minded might have been a small percentage of the total population, but as she maintained in a 1916 report—”with dubious statistical precision” as Canadian eugenics historian Angus McLaren has put it—they accounted for the vast majority of alcoholics, juvenile delinquents, unmarried mothers, and prostitutes…

    Emily Murphy, an Alberta police magistrate (considered the first female judge in Canada as well as the British Empire), was...direct.

“We protect the public against diseased and distempered cattle,” she declared. “We should similarly protect them against the offal of humanity.” [8]

    For much of the 1930s, one of Canada’s most visible eugenics boosters was a Dr. W. L. Hutton. His day job was as medical officer of health for the city of Brantford, but his passion was as president of the Ontario Eugenics Society…

    In [1934]…, Hutton warned that Ontario was already burdened by 32,000 “insane” and “feeble-minded,” and that “urgent” mass-sterilization was needed to ensure the problem didn’t worsen. “It takes an army of officials to look after the social wreckage in our province today,” he said…

[In 1939, p]ractically overnight, Canada’s eugenicists saw all of their favourite arguments...co-opted by the perpetrators of one of history’s greatest crimes. [7] [D]isabled people were the first victims of the Holocaust. [9] It is estimated that close to 250,000 disabled people were murdered under the Nazi regime. [10]

[1] “Our history”, Saskatchewan Association for Community Living, 2002 https://www.sacl.org/who/history/

[2] edited by Spencer van Vloten, “The History of Inclusive Education in Canada”, BC Disability https://www.bcdisability.com/history-inclusive-education

[3] Katharine Maye Viscardis, “The History and Legacy of the ‘Orillia Asylum for Idiots’: Children’s Experience of Institutional Violence”, Trent University Library & Archives, 2020

https://digitalcollections.trentu.ca/objects/etd-957#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9COrillia%20Asylum%20for%20Idiots%E2%80%9D%20(1861%20%2D%202009),the%20facility%20during%20the%20post

[4] “Feeble-minded” https://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Feeble-minded

[5] Joshua St. Pierre, “Disability Rights”, Encyc

https://www.eugenicsarchive.ca/encyclopedia?id=535eeb377095aa000000021b

[6] Andrea Eidinger, “Inconvenient Pasts: Women’s Suffrage in English Canada”, Unwritten Histories, February 13, 2018 https://www.unwrittenhistories.com/inconvenient-pasts-womens-suffrage-in-english-canada/

[7] Tristin Hopper, “The time when Canada’s elite wanted to sterilize ‘insane’ and disabled people”, National Post, August 16, 2023

https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/when-canada-lost-its-mind-over-eugenics#:~:text=In%201936%20some%20of%20Canada's,%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20%E2%80%9Cdegenerate.%E2%80%9D

[8] Allan Levine, “Perfect People, Perfect Country”, Canada’s History, January 2, 2016

https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/politics-law/perfect-people-perfect-country#:~:text=Canada%20had%20no%20place%20for,to%20the%20gospel%20of%20eugenics.&text=Dr.,%2C%20children%2C%20and%20the%20disadvantaged

[9] Amanda Tink, “Disabled people were Holocaust victims, too: they were excluded from German society and murdered by Nazi programs”, The Conversation

https://theconversation.com/disabled-people-were-holocaust-victims-too-they-were-excluded-from-german-society-and-murdered-by-nazi-programs-198298

[10] “Disabled People”, Holocaust Memorial Day Trust

https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/nazi-persecution/disabled-people/

The "good guy" doesn't always wear a white hat.

The "bad guy" doesn't always wear black.

You must listen closely...

You must be observant...

to figure out who to trust.

Written sometime yesterday.

No doubt, when I was supposed to be doing something else—like a domestic task.

photo ldyck

On this blog in November

Sunday, November 1

The Unfit

(part 2)

the history of disabled Canadians

Sunday, November 8

November (poem)

a poem in praise of November

Sunday, November 15

Book Review: All The Light You Cannot See by Anthony Doerr 

(historical fiction)

...set during the Second World War, is about a short boy with a huge heart who tried to do what he thought was right and a blind girl full of courage who did what she could.

Sunday, November 22

DisAbled Advocacy: Sharing Our Truth (essay)

(part 1)

the history of the disabled advocacy in Canada

New content is published on my blog 

every Sunday at 

4:40 PM (ish) Pacific Time.

The Unfit (article) (part 1) by Leanne Dyck

The history of the disabled in Canada.

photo by ldyck

The Unfit

    In the beginning, children with disabilities were literally kept hidden. Parents were often torn between a love for children and a shame or desperation that often led them to send sons and daughters away to institutions. Some were even advised by doctors to “pretend this one died and go on with your life.” Some parents found that because of a lack of resources, and pressure from others, they were simply unable to keep their child at home. The parents who refused to send their child away were often left with the soul-destroying task of facing an uninformed public—including their own family and friends—and trying to meet their child’s needs without service or support. With such a gloomy start, it is no wonder society has struggled with how it views people with disabilities and how it responds to the needs of families. [1]

    During the 1800s, young persons with special needs were excluded from the education system and deemed burdens, often confined to institutions where they festered away in isolation. Though some arguments were made about this being for their own good, the most prominent rationale was that exclusion and institutionalization would prevent persons with special needs from tainting the general population. [2]

    The “Orillia Asylum for Idiots” (1861-2009) [Orillia, Ontario], Canada’s oldest and largest facility for the care and protection of children and adults with disabilities, was once praised as a beacon of humanitarian progress… [But f]ar from being for child protection and care...Orillia Asylum was a site for multi-faceted and all-encompassing violence[—]...systemic neglect and cultural discrimination, daily humiliation and dehumanization, and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse…

    [H]ow [could] such violence...occur for so long in a facility maintained by the state, a state invested in protecting children[?]…

    [C]hildren who were admitted to the Orillia Asylum were not considered to be “Canada’s children” at all by virtue of being labelled as “mentally deficient”, “feeble-minded”, “not-quite-human” and “not-quite-children.” [3]

    Feeble-minded was a term used from the late 19^th century through the early 20^th century to loosely describe a variety of mental deficiencies, including what would now be considered [the intellectually disabled]…, and learning [differences] such as dyslexia. [4]

Most people go to work

Very few people turn that work into a passion.

I think you can go to work without making a living.

I think those who turn work into passion are blessed.

And as a dyslexic child, I had to work at reading, work at writing.

Now, as an adult, it has become my passion.

October 25, 2026, 5:23 PM PT

    

As you may have noticed, I like to assign pictures to each list of monthly blog offers. 

September? Leaves, of course. 

October? Pumpikins, duh. 

But November... How I love it, so. It's my birthday month. 

But November. Dear darling November, you threw me for a loop.

 November? I settled for gloves. 

photo ldyck

On this blog in November

Sunday, November 1

The Unfit

(part 2)

the history of disabled Canadians

Sunday, November 8

November (poem)

a poem in praise of November

Sunday, November 15

Book Review: All The Light You Cannot See by Anthony Doerr 

(historical fiction)

Set in the Second World War, is about a short boy with a huge heart who tried to do what he thought was right and a blind girl full of courage who did what she could.

Sunday, November 22

DisAbled Advocacy: Sharing Our Truth (essay)

(part 1)

the history of the disabled advocacy in Canada

New content is published on my blog 

every Sunday at 

4:40 PM (ish) Pacific Time.

Playing with Robin (children's story) by Leanne Dyck

When I was a child, I had a friend with Down syndrome. Robin taught me a lot of things. "Playing with Robin" is a tribute to her memory.

photo by ldyck

Playing With Robin

    I'm playing outside when Robin rides up on the bike; she calls her horse. "My cat had kittens; want to see?"

    Of course, I do.

    "Follow me," she calls. Robin rides away really fast because her legs are so long. She looks like a grown-up, but she's a lot more fun.

    I'm out of breath when we reach Robin's house.

    The kittens are in a cozy box in Robin's bedroom. "Look with your eyes," Robin tells me. "If you promise to be gentle, I'll give you one."

    "I promise," I say.

    She picks up a tiny kitten and hands it to me.

    Its fur is so soft and... "Oh, she's so cute. Can I keep her?"

    "No." Robin takes the kitten. "It belongs with its mom."

    Robin takes a box down from a shelf. Inside are stamps and different colours of ink: pink and green and blue and purple and... Robin uses a cat stamp to put a picture on her paper. She does it again and again and again. Now the paper is full of cats. "You try," she tells me.

I pick a stamp that looks like a paw print. I press it onto the ink and then onto the paper, but it doesn't look like a paw print.

    "You have to press hard. Here, I'll help you." Robin puts her hand on top of mine, and we press the stamp really hard onto the purple ink pad. Now I can see all the paw prints. Robin shows me how to clean the stamp so that I can add other colours. I add blue, green, and pink ink. It looks like a cat walked on a rainbow and then onto my paper. "You can take that picture home." Robin smiles at me.

    Robin takes a small black box off a shelf. "Want to see something really cool?" She finds a jar of coins and holds it so I can take one. "Put the penny on there." When I do, a hand slides out of the box and takes the penny. "Don't be scared," Robin says. "It's not a real hand. It's just for pretend." She gives me another penny, the hand comes out again, and we laugh.

"Where does the money go?" I ask, and Robin says, "In the box. Someday I'm going to get a hammer to break the box, and then I'll be rich."

    The kittens...the toys...she's already rich.

    "Snack time," Robin's mom calls.

    Orange juice and cookies wait for us on the kitchen table.

    I finish my cookie and look out the window. My brother is coming to take me home.

    "My boyfriend," Robin cheers.

    I hope she marries my brother so we can play together forever.

photo by ldyck

On this blog in October

Sunday, October 4

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" 

(part 1)

a 2-part countdown to the publication of "Murder on the Menu" 

Sunday, October 11

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" 

(part 2)

a 2-part countdown to the publication of "Murder on the Menu" 

Sunday, October 18

Playing with Robin (children's story)

about my childhood friendship with Robin—

a woman with Down syndrome

Sunday, October 25

The Unfit (article)

(part 1)

the history of the disabled in Canada

New content is published on my blog 

every Sunday at 

4:40 PM (ish) Pacific Time.

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" (part 2)

In Part 1, Judee Fong introduced you to the organizations behind "Murder on the Menu"—the Crime Writers of Canada and the Second-Act Sleuths. In Part 2, she will introduce you to the authors that contributed to this short story anthology.

One of my past mystery writing classes was taught by Nicola Furlong, writer, artist, and currently podcaster for Radio Sidney’s “Around the Peninsula." Our homework was to begin a story and read it to our classmates the next week. I was panicking the night before while eating my fig newtons and got my “ah-ha” moment. I began a story about a detective I named Newton Figby, who became involved in a number of bizarre murders. My chocoholic homicide detective finally makes his published debut in “Death With Chocolate.” Why would a killer poison his victim, steal his ugly ornament, and leave a piece of decadent dark chocolate beside the body? Soon-to-be-retired Detective Newton Figby is hot on the trail because his last case is personal.

Joanna Vander Vlugt is the well-known author of “Spy Girls," “Dealer’s Child," and “The Unravelling." She also appeared in several anthologies, including “Farm to Foul Play” and “Dangerous Games.” Joanna’s short story, “Mr. Buffed and Buttered,” describes what would happen when the owner of a popular coffee/pastry bar at the top of the Malahat, is faced with an unrealistic conversion to a health spa.

Joanna’s second story, “The Lady in Pink” was inspired by a dream. Joanna remembered, “My mom had passed, and I saw her dressed all in pink. This became a story about three young women in 1988, with Joan Jett in their hearts, who became suspects in the fate of a politician’s son. Years later, an elderly lady in pink could reveal the truth.

Winona Kent is the creator of the Jason Davey series, a jazz musician who is a reluctant sleuth helping close friends and family. A longtime member and past chair of CWC, Winona remains an active member who has mentored and encouraged many new writers. One of Winona’s stories, “Between Stations,” tells of a 17-year-old naïve writer, desperate for actual experiences in London, England. Late one night, aboard a train, Lucy thinks she may have witnessed something terrible. Fifty years later, returning as a famous writer, a cold case unlocks a memory she had unknowingly suppressed. Winona crafted a second original story, “Angostura Bitters,” a tantalizing cocktail for happy hour for “Murder on the Menu.”

Debra Henry thrives on challenging triathlons, when she’s not creating homicidal mayhem with her award-winning short stories. A retired anthropologist, Debra has a keen interest in keeping our environment safe for future generations. Debra began writing children’s stories first but found she enjoyed writing crime stories best. “I like to write about social justice to give me a focal point.” Her short stories are entertaining cozies with a message and served with a smile. Debra’s tale, “Winging It”, illustrates her theme for social justice. Who would have believed a food truck vendor serving chicken wings would encounter foul play?

C.J. Papoutsis is well-known for her short stories and flash fiction, depicting quirky humans and their evil side. In a 2014 Times-Colonist interview, C.J. commented, “I love “cozy” mysteries, family sagas, and stories with humour. Like Oscar Wilde, I believe that life is too important to be taken seriously.”

“Murder at the Acropolis" introduces Nick the Bookie, who owns the sleazy Acropolis Cafe. Nick is accused of murdering a dead-beat client, found in the alley behind his café. C.J. explains her second contribution. “My mother kept a gun in her underwear drawer. I never thought much about it until I learned that none of my friends’ moms had guns in their underwear drawers.” This inspired C.J. to write “Mother Always Kept a Gun.” 

In this anthology, Joanna gathered a group of criminally minded women, who enthusiastically embraced “Murder on the Menu” with their clever usage of dives, food trucks, and devilish kills.

“Murder on the Menu” dishes up a selection of short stories that will entertain, make you laugh, and make you hungry. The Second-Act Sleuths know how to beckon you across the threshold of the café or to the order window of the chicken wing food truck. Just be careful not to stumble over any bodies.

“Murder on the Menu” was released on Amazon on October 6, 2026. It is available as an e-book, a hard copy and later will be available as an audiobook.  

Buy Murder on Menu

Amazon Canada

Amazon US 

 

Kobo

photo by ldyck

On this blog in October

Sunday, October 4

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" 

(part 1)

a 2-part countdown to the publication of "Murder on the Menu" 

Sunday, October 11

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" 

(part 2)

a 2-part countdown to the publication of "Murder on the Menu" 

Sunday, October 18

Playing with Robin (children's story)

about my childhood friendship with Robin—

a woman with Down syndrome

Sunday, October 25

The Unfit (article)

(part 1)

the history of the disabled in Canada

New content is published on my blog 

every Sunday at 

4:40 PM (ish) Pacific Time.

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" (part 1)

 

Thank you so much, Leanne Dyck, for having me as your Guest Blogger. Leanne’s blog is a joy to read, and I feel so privileged to be her guest again. I was fortunate to appear in her space in 2014 when I wrote for Senior Living. (Leanne Dyck's blog: Guest Post: Interviews by Judee Fong)

Writers take a convoluted road when first beginning the journey. My dad's sage advice was, “Get a real job first.” I wrote sporadically and collected shoe boxes of rejection. Taking early retirement from 35 years as a medical technologist, I applied at a newly launched local magazine, Senior Living, for a chance to hone my writing skills. It became a fascinating decade of meeting local artists, writers, musicians, historians, and other intriguing seniors.  

“Murder on the Menu" is an anthology of cozy short stories involving bakeries, bistros, and bodies. It is the brainchild of editor/illustrator and crime writer Joanna Vander Vlugt. Joanna invited a few like-minded writers, collectively named the Second-Act Sleuths, to join her with tales of foodie places and murder. Debra Henry, Winona Kent, C.J.Papoutsis, Joanna and me, Judee Fong, have their own ideas on how an entrée should be presented—garnished with a corpse or two, of course. These cozy crime writers serve up a delicious buffet of homicidal humans who have malice and chicken wings in their hearts.

The Second-Act Sleuths are active West Coast members of Crime Writers of Canada. CWC is a national organization that encourages, endorses, and embraces crime writing in all its many genres. We are also members of Sisters in Crime—Canada West. Our stories are inspired by moments that leave an imprint on your mind.

photo by ldyck

On this blog in October

Sunday, October 4

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" 

(part 1)

a 2-part countdown to the publication of "Murder on the Menu" 

Sunday, October 11

Guest Blogger: Judee Fong for "Murder on the Menu" 

(part 2)

a 2-part countdown to the publication of "Murder on the Menu" 

Sunday, October 18

Playing with Robin (children's story)

about my childhood friendship with Robin—

a woman with Down syndrome

Sunday, October 25

The Unfit (article)

(part 1)

the history of the disabled in Canada

New content is published on my blog 

every Sunday at 

4:40 PM (ish) Pacific Time.

Being Heard (part 4) by Leanne Dyck

 In Part 3 of "Being Heard," we learned how Canadian suffrage grew from a grassroots movement to an undeniable force thanks to some key players. In Part 4...

  In 1915, the Roblin government was capsized by scandal and the Liberals swept to power. [In August 1915,] Premier Tobias Norris pledged his government would grant women the vote if formally presented with a petition signed by 17,000 supporters. On 23 December, [6] the Political Equality League [and Icelandic Manitoban women] sent a delegation to present [9] a scroll...listing 39,584 signatures. A second petition accounted for 4,250 names collected by Amelia Burdett of Sturgeon Creek [a neighbourhood in Winnipeg], Manitoba, age 94.

    On 28 January 1916, Manitoba women became the first in Canada to win the right to vote and the right to hold provincial office. However, they could not vote in federal elections, a separate jurisdiction. [6]

    The First World War [which began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918] interrupted the suffrage campaigns and divided activists. Many concentrated on supporting the war effort...in groups such as Women’s Patriotic Fund. Socialists and pacifists...endorsed the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, formed in 1915. [5]

    Many [women] saw the war as an opportunity to not only serve their [country] but to gain more rights and independence. [10] More than 2,800 women served with the Canadian Army Medical Corps, and roughly 2,500 went overseas where they served close to the front lines in hospitals, on board ships, and in combat zones with field ambulance units…

    Over 40 lost their lives while in service, and of this number between 20 and 30 were killed by enemy action…

    [I]n the labour market[, o]ver 30,000 women worked outside the home in munitions factories, offices and in the countryside on their family farms due to the shortage of male workers. [11]

    When the war had begun, [Prime Minister Robert Borden] had promised not to enact conscription. But losses at the front meant that he had to break this promise. Which presented a problem for his [1917] re-election campaign. The solution? Change the voting laws in his favour.

    In September, the House of Commons passed the 1917 Wartime Elections Act, under the leadership of Robert Borden. The new rules specified that “enemy aliens” (Canadian immigrants who had been born in an “enemy” country after March 1902) and conscientious objectors, in other words, those most opposed to conscription, were barred from voting unless they had a son, grandson, or brother serving as a solider. And further, the mothers, wives, widows, or brothers of soldiers (or those allegedly more likely to support conscription) were granted the right to vote, unless they were otherwise excluded…

    It’s unclear whether or not the Wartime Elections Act made any difference in terms of Borden’s campaign, but he was re-elected. [3]

    [Borden’s g]overnment wished...to acknowledge women’s contribution to the war effort...by extending the franchise. [5] [T]he 1918 Act to Confer the Electoral Franchise Upon Women...permitted women to vote so long as they met the same eligibility criteria of men. [3]

    I]t’s important to note that not all women gained the right to vote in Manitoba in 1916—or federally in 1918 for that matter. It would be a long road before First Nations and Inuit women (and men) won the franchise. The same was true for many Asian and South Asian communities. [6]

    Asian women and men waited until 1948 to receive the vote, the year of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which Canada helped to draft and then adopted. [5]

    Status Indians would not gain the right to vote in federal elections until 1960.

    The Inuit, who were not included in the Indian Act, were barred from voting with the passage of the 1934 Dominion Franchise Act. The Inuit did not regain the right to vote in federal election until 1950, without any qualifications. However, even though they were eligible to vote as of 1950, most Inuit were unable to vote until the 1962 election, since beforehand they were rarely added to voting lists and ballot boxes were not provided to all Inuit communities.

    And these are just the restrictions put in place. There is also the matter of accessibility, since individuals with disabilities were often unable to vote due to physical barriers. [3]

    In the early 1980s, a special House of Commons committee on the disabled...heard complaints throughout its hearings that the voting systems at the national and provincial levels made it difficult for many Canadians with disabilities to vote on election day. Polling stations were often located too far away and/or were inaccessible. At that time, only one jurisdiction in the country, Manitoba, had made provisions for a postal vote system for general elections. The parliamentary committee argued that Canada Elections Act should reflect the fundamental principle that elections are conducted for the convenience of all voters, including seniors and people with disabilities, and therefore made recommendations on providing polls at hospitals, nursing homes, and apartment buildings. [12]

    Unbelievably it wasn’t until 1982 in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that all citizens were given the right to vote. [13]

[1] “Canadian Women’s History”, Public Service Alliance of Canada ,January 9, 2013 

https://psac-ncr.com/canadian-womens-history/,

[2] Katherine, “Women and the Vote in Canada: a Timeline”, Toronto Reference Library Blog, January 27, 2016

https://torontopubliclibrary.typepad.com/trl/2016/01/women-and-the-vote-in-canada-a-timeline.html

[3] Andrea Eidinger, “Inconvenient Pasts: Women’s Suffrage in English Canada”, Unwritten Histories, February 13, 2018

https://www.unwrittenhistories.com/inconvenient-pasts-womens-suffrage-in-english-canada/

[4] “Background Information: Women and the Vote”, Elections Canada, 2024

https://electionsanddemocracy.ca/civic-action-then-and-now-0/background-information-women-and-vote#:~:text=The%20earliest%20women's%20rights%20organizations,politicians%20to%20secure%20their%20support

[5] Veronica Strong-Boag, “Women’s Suffrage in Canada”, The Canadian Encyclopedia, June 21, 2016

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suffrage#:~:text=Representative%20of%20more%20than%20justice,See%20also%20Women's%20Suffrage%20Timeline.

[6] The Canadian Encyclopedia staff, “Women’s Suffrage in Manitoba”, The Canadian Encyclopedia, May 6, 2016

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/womens-suffrage-in-manitoba#:~:text=On

%2028%20January%201916%2C%20Manitoba,federal%20politicians%20to%20enfranchise

%20women

[7] Kym Bird, “Mock Parliament”, The Canadian Encyclopedia, April 14, 2016

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mock-parliament-1914

[8] Linda McDowell, “Political Equality League (1912-1916)”, The Nellie McClung Foundation, 2024 https://www.nelliemcclungfoundation.com/political-equality-league

[9] “Political Equality of Manitoba”, Archives of Manitoba,

https://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/PAM_AUTHORITY/WEB_AUTH_DET_REP/HEADING%20%22Political%20Equality%20League%20of%20Manitoba%22?SESSIONSEARCH

[10] “Women in WWI”, The National WWI Museum and Memorial,

https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/women

[11] “Women Veterans”, Government of Canada

https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/those-who-served/women-veterans/timeline

[12] Michael J Prince, “Electoral Insight—Persons with Disabilities and Elections”, Elections Canada, April 2004 https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=eim/issue10&document=p2&lang=e

[13] Judith Kays, “Your vote is your voice: use it! Why it’s important to exercise your right to vote as a Canadian”, Saltwire, posted October 7, 2019

https://www.saltwire.com/nova-scotia/more/your-vote-is-your-voice-use-it-why-its-important-to-exercise-your-right-to-vote-as-a-canadian-361063/

Audur Styrkarsdottir, “Women’s Suffrage in Iceland”, 2006

https://kvennasogusafn.is/index.php?page=Womens-Suffrage-in-Iceland

Thank you for reading "Being Heard."

photo by ldyck

"Sailing Away" 

(any opportunity to share this song)

photo by ldyck

On this blog in October

This month I have a rare treat for you—a guest post.

Sunday, October 4

Sunday, October 11

Judee Fong will introduce her soon-to-be-released book:

"Murder on the Menu"

Sunday, October 18

Sunday, October 25

We will continue our study of Canadian history with a 2-part article on the history of the disabled in Canada: "The Unfit."

Surprisingly, this article has a connection to "Being Heard."

Here's a hint: Nellie McClung